Kultur

Kultur is the German concept and influence of a particular Germanic attitude, spirit, temperament, ambition, achievement, and purpose. It lays somewhere between the English word culture which is too narrow and civilization which is too broad. Society and ethnicity are related terms as Kultur is seen as the civil characteristics of such groups.

Nationalkultur

Nationalkultur (national culture) was specifically one of the foundational stones of German monarchy, the Hohenzollern Dynasty. The concepts involved in it had important political bearings. (1)

In the views of the German administration at that time Kultur was the highest product of the schools and the universities. It was hence inextricably linked to militarism. This union of culture and militarism was the very bedrock of German education at that time. Furthermore, Kultur was not personal, but national. The nation created and propagated it, and the people shared it.

Kultur meant that the same brand of culture taught at every school; no other was acceptable. Kultur was the nationalist culture with which the government wished its citizens to be equipped. That is why all Germans tended not only to know the same facts, but also to have a similar outlook on life and similar opinions about Goethe, Shakespeare, and the German navy. Culture, like military service, was a part of the state machinery. (2)

Being a national rather than a mere personal possession, Kultur was systematically and deliberately handed on by the state from generation to generation, ready for use in whatever manner the state should desire and direct. It is sometimes seen today as having been an integral body of totalitarian ideas and attitudes, which went progressively forward within the lines of unity and consistency.

Finally, it maintained itself, under the guidance of the state, through ceaseless struggle. As German scholars and statesmen looked into the future they saw nothing but conflict - perpetual war between rival national cultures, each seeking to crush its competitors. No amalgamation, no real amity, no compromise even, was possible, in this worldview.

Prince von Bülow wrote:

In the struggle between nationalities, one nation is the hammer and the other is the anvil; on is the victor and the other the vanquished. It is the law of life and development in history that when two national civilizations meet they fight for supremacy. (3)

And the thought was that they fight not alone with the pen but together with the sword. Every culture considers itself superior; only force can settle the issue. A Luther and a Goethe may be the puppets pitted in a contest of culture against Maeterlinck and Victor Hugo. But it is Krupp and Zeppelin and the War-Lord that pull the strings.

Kultur as the Germans developed it thus became a mighty bulwark of autocracy. It owed its origin and character to absolutist state control; it was employed to promote the unity of the nation and to stimulate pride in and loyalty to the omnipotent state; it was at once the cause and the chief support of a policy of domination and aggression toward other nations. Its peculiar effectiveness was derived largely from the people's ingrained habit of obedience, bred in part from centuries of experience in feudalism, when security depended absolutely upon the allegiance of the vassal to his lord, and when the economic ties of serfdom bound the peasants almost irrevocably to their masters - bred also, in part, of the patriotism and pride that laid hold upon the German mind in the great era of unification and expansion.

When we consider the importance of environment in the development of this mindset, we see that Germany had no natural geographical barriers; it is very much a plain state. It was open to attack from all sides unlike England (an island) or Switzerland (with her huge mountains). Thus the environment bred into the people the necessity of obedience to human leaders and absolutist politics to defend against invaders.

See also

• Kulturkampf
• Weimar_Culture

References

1. The substance is all taken from The Governments of Europe, Frederic Austin Ogg, MacMillan Co, 1922. pg 682-683. Copyright expired and permission granted.
2. Nationality and Government, A. E. Zimmern, NY, 1918. pg 7
3. Imperial Germany, trans by M. A. Lewenz, NY, 1914. pg 245

Bibliography

• ?The Spirit of German Kultur?, in Modern Germany in Relation to the Great War, E. Tröltsch, NY, 1915.
• Glimpses of Modern German Culture, K. Francke, NY, 1898.
• A valuable compilation of typical extracts from original sources revealing the German spirit is Conquest and Kultur, published in three parts by the U. S. Committee on Public Information, Washington, D.C. 1917.
• What is Wrong with Germany?, W. H. Dawson, NY, 1915.
• My Four Years in Germany, J. W. Gerard, NY, 1917
• Nationality and Government, A. E. Zimmern, NY, 1918. (There is no better brief presentation of the subject than Zimmern, chap i)

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