Spanish legislative election, 2004
Legislative elections were held in Spain on March 14, 2004. At stake were all 350 seats in the lower house of the Cortes, the Congress of Deputies, and 208 seats in upper house, the Senate. In a result which defied most predictions, the opposition Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, won a plurality of seats in Congress of Deputies, and will be able to form a government with the support of minor parties. The governing People's Party (PP) was led into the campaign by Mariano Rajoy, successor to outgoing Prime Minister José María Aznar.
The day after the election, Zapatero announced his intention to form a minority PSOE government, without a coalition. Two minor left-wing parties, Republican Left of Catalonia and United Left, immediately announced their intention to support Zapatero's government.
Results
In the Congress of Deputies, the PP vote fell by 6.9 percent, and the party lost 39 seats. The PSOE vote rose by 8.5 percent, bringing a gain of 35 seats. On the left, the United Left (the electoral front of the Communist Party of Spain), lost four of its nine seats, but the leftwing Catalan party, the Republican Left of Catalonia, gained seven seats. The moderate Catalan nationalist party, Convergence and Unity, which in the past has been allied with the PP, lost five of its 15 seats.
The victory was celebrated in the street outside the PSOE headquarters in Calle Ferraz with shouts of "No war!" and "How happy we are, to live without Aznar", but also "Zapatero, don't fail us!". Rodríguez Zapatero had promised to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq by June; he said that he does not believe the United Nations would assume responsibility for Iraq after the U.S.-led occupation formally ends at the end of June, his criterion for allowing troops to stay. On March 15, in his first interview the day after the election, Zapatero said that "the implicit mandate of the people is for us to form a minority government negotiating accords on each issue with other parliamentary groups".
A feature of the result was the increased representation for the Republican Left of Catalonia, a minor left-wing party which has formed a coalition government with the PSOE in Catalonia. The Republican Left's leader, Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira, recently held meetings with the Basque separatist group ETA in France, a revelation which had forced his exit from the recently formed Catalan regional government and had become a campaign issue in the general election.
Congress of Deputies
| (2000) -- Spanish general election, 2004 -- (2008) | ||||||
| Registered Voters | 33,475,376 | Change | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes Cast | 25,846,620 | Change | % | 77.21 | (+8.50) | |
| Party | Votes | Change | % | Change | Seats | Change |
| Socialist Party (PSOE) | 10,909,687 | +3,080,477 | 42.64 | +8.48 | 164 | +39 |
| People's Party (PP) | 9,630,512 | -599,833 | 37.64 | -6.88 | 148 | -35 |
| United Left (IU) | 1,269,532 | +15,673 | 4.96 | -1.00 | 5 | -4 |
| Convergence and Unity (CiU) | 829,046 | -135,944 | 3.22 | -0.95 | 10 | -5 |
| Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) | 649,999 | +456,370 | 2.54 | +1.70 | 8 | +7 |
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 417,154 | +55,338 | 1.63 | +0.10 | 7 | 0 |
| Canary Islands Coalition (CC) | 221,034 | -22,455 | 0.86 | -0.21 | 3 | -1 |
| Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) | 205,613 | -97,113 | 0.80 | -0.52 | 2 | -1 |
| Andalusian Party (PA) | 181,261 | -24,472 | 0.71 | -0.18 | 0 | -1 |
| Aragonese Union (CHA) | 93,865 | +18,631 | 0.37 | +0.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Basque Solidarity (EA) | 80,613 | -19,957 | 0.32 | -0.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Navarre Yes (NB) | 60,645 | new | 0.24 | new | 1 | new |
| Other | ||||||
| Blank | 406,789 | 1.57 | 0.00 | |||
| Null | 261.590 | 1,01 | +0.33 | |||
| Total | ||||||
Source: Spanish Interior Ministry
Senate
In the Senate the PP won 102 seats to the PSOE's 81, a better result than in the lower house. Even so, this was a 28-seat gain for the PSOE and a 25-seat loss for the PP. In Catalonia, a combined Socialist-Republican left ticket won 12 Senate seats, and the Basque Nationalists won six.
Senate seats by Autonomous Community and Constituency
| Andalucía | Total (32) | PP (8) | PSOE (24) | ||||
| Almería | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Cádiz | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Córdoba | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Granada | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Huelva | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Jaén | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Málaga | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Sevilla | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Aragón | Total (12) | PP (4) | PSOE (8) | ||||
| Huesca | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Teruel | 2 | 2 | |||||
| Zaragoza | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Asturias | Total (4) | PP (3) | PSOE (1) | ||||
| Canarias | Total (11) | PP (3) | PSOE (5) | - | - | - | CC (3) |
| Gran Canaria | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Lanzarote | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Fuerteventura | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Tenerife | - | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | |
| La Palma | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| La Gomera | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| El Hierro | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| Cantabria | Total (4) | PP (3) | PSOE (1) | ||||
| Castilla-La Mancha | Total (22) | PP (12) | PSOE (8) | ||||
| Albacete | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Ciudad Real | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Cuenca | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Guadalajara | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Toledo | 2 | 2 | |||||
| Castilla y León | Total (36) | PP (25) | PSOE (11) | ||||
| Ávila | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Burgos | 3 | 1 | |||||
| León | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Palencia | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Salamanca | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Segovia | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Soria | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Valladolid | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Zamora | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Catalunya | Total (16) | - | - | PSC-ERC- ICV-EUA (12) | - | CiU (4) | - |
| Barcelona | - | - | 3 | - | 1 | - | |
| Girona | - | - | 3 | - | 1 | - | |
| Lleida | - | - | 3 | - | 1 | - | |
| Tarragona | - | - | 3 | - | 1 | - | |
| Ceuta | Total (2) | PP (2) | - | ||||
| Extremadura | Total (8) | PP (2) | PSOE (6) | ||||
| Badajoz | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Cáceres | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Galicia | Total (16) | PP (12) | PSOE (4) | ||||
| A Coruña | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Lugo | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Ourense | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Pontevedra | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Illes Balears | Total (5) | PP (4) | PSOE (1) | ||||
| Mallorca | 2 | 1 | |||||
| Menorca | 1 | - | |||||
| Ibiza-Formentera | 1 | - | |||||
| La Rioja | Total (3) | PP (3) | PSOE (1) | ||||
| Madrid | Total (4) | PP (3) | PSOE (1) | ||||
| Murcia | Total (4) | PP (3) | PSOE (1) | ||||
| Melilla | Total | PP (2) | |||||
| Navarra | Total (4) | PP (3) | PSOE (1) | ||||
| País Vasco | Total (12) | PP 1 | PSOE 5 | - | EAJ-PNV 6 | ||
| Alava | 1 | 3 | - | - | |||
| Guipúzcoa | - | 1 | - | 3 | |||
| Vizcaya | - | 1 | - | 3 | |||
| Valencia | Total | PP 9 | PSOE 3 | ||||
| Alicante | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Castellón | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Valencia | 3 | 1 | |||||
| National Total | (208) | PP (102) | PSOE (81) | PSC-ERC (12) | EAJ-PNV (6) | CiU (4) | CC (3) |
The PSOE and its Catalan affiliate the PSC-ERC thus has 93 seats to the PP's 102. Even if the six Basque Nationalists (EAJ-PNV) vote with the left, the PP will still outvote them. The PSOE will thus need to gain the support of the Catalan and Canary Islands regionalists, the CiU and CC, to carry legislation in the Senate. The CiU has formerly been allied with the PP.
It is possible that voters swung to the PSOE in the vote for the Congress of Deputies, which determines the government, but stuck with the PP in the voting for the Senate, thus placing a brake on a future socialist government. However, a swing in votes that fails to change who leads in a district has a larger effect in the Congress, with large numbers of seats per constituency allocated proportionally, that in the Senate, where constituencies elect up to four representatives and voters cast votes for up to three people (usually all from the same party).
Electoral system
This was the eighth general election since the restoration of democratic government in 1978, or the ninth if the elections to a constitutional assembly in 1977 are included. Each of Spain's autonomous communities elects a number of deputies and senators in rough proportion to its population. The smaller autonomous communities (such as La Rioja) form a single electoral district (a circumscription). The larger autonomous communities (such as Catalonia) are divided into several circumscriptions.
All 350 deputies are elected on party lists, by roughly proportional representation in each electoral district. The method used to allocate the seats is the D'Hondt method, which favours larger parties over smaller ones, and concentrated minorities over scattered ones.
In the Senate, each of Spain's 50 provinces (except in the Canary and Balearic Islands) elects four Senators regardless of population. This results in under-representation for the large urban circumscriptions of Madrid and Barcelona, and over-representation for the conservative provinces of Castille and Galicia. Further, the Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands elect additional senators (since circumscriptions consist of the island governnments rather than the provinces), and the small autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla (Spanish enclaves on the coast of Morocco) elect two Senators each. The islands and the enclaves are PP strongholds. The net effect of this system is to advantage the PP at the expense of the PSOE in the Senate.
The Congress of Deputies, which will convene on April 2, must appoint the prime minister (by recommending an appointment to the king) within two months of convening. Each of the candidates, starting with the candidate of the largest party, comes before the Congress for two investiture votes, the first by majority and the second by plurality. Typically, the leader of the largest bloc becomes Prime Minister of Spain, unless a coalition of different parties has a majority of seats.
At the 2000 general election, the People's Party won 183 seats, the Socialists won 125, the Catalan nationalist party Convergence and Unity won 15 and the United Left (a coalition around the Communist Party) won 8. Minor parties won the remaining 19 seats.
Elections to Andalusia's regional parliament were held on the same day. The PSOE retained office in these elections with an increased majority. (El Mundo - results) (http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2004/03/espana/elecciones_andaluzas/resultados.html)
External links
- Spanish Interior Ministry elections website (http://www.elec_gen04.mir.es/)
- People's Party (http://www.pp.es/PartidoPopular/nacionalpp/home.jsp)
- Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (http://www.psoe.es/ambito/actualidad/home.do)
- Convergence and Unity (http://www.ciu.info/index.html)
- Republican Left of Catalonia (http://www.esquerra.org)
- United Left (http://www.izquierda-unida.es)
- Basque Nationalist Party (http://www.eaj-pnv.com)
ca:Eleccions generals espanyoles (2004) es:Elecciones generales españolas (2004) de:Spanische Parlamentswahlen 2004