Tenor
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In music, a tenor is a male singer with a high voice (although not as high as a countertenor). In four part chorale-style harmony, it is the second lowest voice, above the bass and below the soprano and alto. A typical tenor will have a range extending roughly from the C an octave below middle C to the A above middle C. In a mixed-gender choir, females may also sing as tenors.
In opera, distinctions are made between different types of tenor:
- Tenore drammatico, di forza or robusto: a powerful, heroic tenor (Verdi's Otello)
- Heldentenor: the German equivalent of the tenore drammatico, however with a more baritonal quality; the typical Wagnerian protagonist (Lohengrin, Siegfried, Siegmund, Parsifal)
- Tenore leggiero: a light, flexible tenor, often specialized in comic roles (in which case one speaks of a tenore buffo)
- Tenore lirico or di grazia: a graceful, lyric tenor (the Duke of Mantua in Rigoletto)
- Tenore (lirico) spinto: a lyric tenor with more "punch" (Radamès in Aida)
- Trial: a high, thin, nasal tenor, used for character roles. Named after Antoine Trial (1736-1792), a singer at the Opéra Comique.
Many of the most famous opera singers have been tenors, such as:
- Roberto Alagna
- Luigi Alva
- Carlo Bergonzi
- Jussi Björling
- Charles Bressler
- José Carreras
- Enrico Caruso
- Franco Corelli
- José Cura
- Mario del Monaco
- Giuseppe Di Stefano
- Plácido Domingo
- Nicolai Gedda
- Beniamino Gigli
- Ernst Haefliger
- Mario Lanza
- Lauritz Melchior
- Antonio Paolí
- Luciano Pavarotti
- Helge Rosvaenge
- Tito Schipa
- Jon Vickers
- Wolfgang Windgassen
- Fritz Wunderlich
There have also been some tenors who have been well known for other types of music, who have concentrated on concert performances either with orchestras, or in chamber music, such as lieder or song recitals. These performers may be better known for this kind of work than for opera. Famous tenors of this repertory include
- John Heddle-Nash
- Richard Lewis
- John McCormack
- Peter Pears
- Robert Tear
- Alexander Young
It would be wrong to say that tenors only sing in opera, or that they only sing in lieder, but some have spent more of their efforts in certain types of singing than in others.
The name "tenor" comes from the Latin word tenere, which means "to hold". In medieval music, the tenor voice was always assigned the cantus firmus, the main melody. The other voices added harmony and counterpoint to the tenor.
In the Barbershop harmony musical style, the name "tenor" is used for the highest part. The four parts are known (lowest to highest) as bass, baritone, lead, and tenor. The tenor generally sings in falsetto voice (thus the term tenor used in barbershop terminology most closely corresponds to the term countertenor as used in classical music), and harmonizes above the lead, who sings the melody. The barbershop tenor range is, as notated, Bb-below-middle C to D-above-high-C (and sung an octave lower).
It is often applied to instruments to indicate their range in relation to other instruments of the same group. For instance the tenor saxophone.
See also
Other meanings
the true purport and effect of a deed or instrument; the character or usual pattern of something; the drift or general meaning of a statement or discourse; the concept, object, or person meant in a metaphor.
de:Tenor (Stimmlage) es:Tenor it:Tenore ja:テノール pl:Tenor zh:男高音